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Structure of the Wheat Kernel

The kernel of the wheat is an oval shaped berry. It is composed of an outer layer commonly known as bran, which is chiefly composed of a woody substance called cellulose, mineral matter, moisture and some fat, especially in that portion of the coating enclosing the germs. The bran or pericarp is composed of three layers, namely, the epidermis or outer layer, the epicarp or middle layer and the endocarp or the inner layer. Now comes a layer containing the coloring matter known as the testa. Underneath the testa we find a layer called the perisperm. Under this layer we find a layer of protein known as the aleurone cells. Under the aleurone cells are the starch granules enmeshed with a net work of protein. This is called the endosperm of the wheat kernel. On one end of the wheat berry, we find the germ, and some varieties of wheat contain a fibre substance known as the beard.

Wheat has been cultivated for many centuries. It has been stated that it was cultivated by the Chinese as early as 2700 B.C., and also by the Egyptians who ground it into meal and made bread therefrom before the entrance of the shepherd kings.

Many varieties of wheat are known. Darwin states that Col. Le Coteur cultivated 150 varieties, also that another French gentleman cultivated 322 varieties. As a general rule, wheat is divided into three classes, namely, hard spring wheat, hard winter wheat, and soft winter wheat.