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Birth of the French Restaurant
The Poodle Dog, the Pup, Delmonico's, Jacques, Frank's, the Mint, Bergez, Felix and Campi's are the connecting links between the fire and the pioneer days. Some of them still carry the names and memories of the old days. All were noted for their good dinners and remarkably low prices.
Shortly after the fire Blanco, formerly connected with the old Poodle Dog, opened a place in O'Farrell street, between Hyde and Larkin, calling it "Blanco's." During the reconstruction period this was by far the best restaurant in the city, and it is still one of the noted places. Later Blanco opened a fine restaurant in Mason street, between Turk and Eddy, reviving the old name of the Poodle Dog, and here all the old traditions have been revived. Both of these savor of the old type of French restaurants, catering to a class of quiet spenders who carefully guard their indiscretions.
In the early '50s and '60s the most noted places were not considered respectable enough for ladies, and at restaurants like the Three Trees, in Dupont just above Bush street, ladies went into little private rooms through an alley. Peter Job saw his opportunity and opened a restaurant where special attention was paid to lady patrons, and shorty after the New York restaurant, in Kearny street, did the same. Merging the post-pioneer era with the pre-fire era came the Maison Doree, which became famous in many ways. It was noted for oysters a la poulette, prepared after the following recipe:
One-half cup butter, three tablespoons flour, yolks of three eggs. One pint chicken stock (or veal), one tablespoonful lemon juice, one-eighth teaspoon pepper, one level teaspoon salt. Beat the butter and flour together until smooth and OYSTERS A LA POULETTE white. Then add salt, pepper and lemon juice. Gradually pour boiling stock on this mixture and simmer for ten minutes.
Beat the yolks of eggs in a saucepan, gradually pouring the cooked sauce upon them. Pour into a double boiler containing boiling water in lower part of utensil. Stir the mixture for one and one-half minutes. Into this put two dozen large oysters and let cook until edges curl up and serve hot.
Captain Cropper, an old Marylander, had a restaurant that was much patronized by good livers, and in addition to the usual Southern dishes he specialized on terrapin a la Maryland, sending back to his native State for the famous diamond-back terrapin. His recipe for this was as follows:
TERRAPIN A LA MARYLAND Cut a terrapin in small pieces, about one inch long, after boiling it. Put the pieces in a saute pan with two ounces of sweet butter, salt, pepper, a very little celery salt, a pinch of paprika. Simmer for a few minutes and then add one glass of sherry wine, which reduce to half by boiling. Then add one cup of cream, bring to a boil and thicken with two yolks of eggs mixed with a half cup of cream. Let it come to a near boil and add half a glass of dry sherry and serve. You may thicken the terrapin with the following mixture: Two raw yolks of eggs, two boiled yolks of eggs, one ounce of butter, one ounce corn starch. Rub together and pass through a fine sieve.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, Tony Oakes, the Hermitage, and Cornelius Stagg's were noted road-houses where fine meals were served, but these are scarcely to be considered as San Francisco Bohemian restaurants. The Reception, on the corner of Sutter and Webb streets, which continued up to the time of the fire, was noted for its terrapin specialties, but it was rather malodorous and ladies who patronized it usually went in through the Webb street entrance to keep from being The old Baldwin Hotel, which stood where the seen.
Two recipes sit inside this bit of restaurant history. The oyster sauce is entirely workable in a modern kitchen; the terrapin is not, and the caution above applies to it.
- Why the terrapin recipe is closed to usThe diamondback terrapin Captain Cropper shipped from Maryland is now protected or closely regulated across most of its range, and Maryland ended commercial harvest of it. In most states wild terrapin cannot lawfully be taken or sold for the table, so this dish belongs to the record rather than the kitchen.
- The other terrapin problemTurtles are a well-documented reservoir of Salmonella, and period terrapin cookery also depended on skilled butchery to remove the gall bladder and other parts without tainting the meat. The recipe assumes a cook who had done it a hundred times and says nothing about any of it.
- Oysters a la poulette: the hingeThe finished sauce is a liaison of egg yolks alone; there is no cream in this one. It must never boil once the yolks are in. Hold it at a bare steam in the double boiler; if it climbs much past 180F the yolks scramble and the sauce breaks into curds.
- Ten minutes, then ninety secondsThe ten-minute simmer applies to the flour-and-butter velouté before the yolks go in, and it is needed to cook out the raw starch taste. The ninety seconds is the yolk stage. Do not run them together.
- Cook the oysters for two minutes, not longer"Let cook until edges curl" is the correct instruction and it happens fast: one to two minutes in the hot sauce. Any longer and large oysters shrink and turn rubbery. Drain them well first, or their liquor will thin the sauce.
- Beat the butter and flour togetherThis is a beurre manié rather than a cooked roux, which is why the boiling stock goes on gradually. Add it in a thin stream while whisking or you will get lumps that no amount of simmering will fix.
- Chicken or veal stockUse unsalted or lightly salted stock. The recipe already carries a level teaspoon of salt, presumably reckoned against unsalted homemade stock rather than a commercial broth.
- YieldA pint of stock and two dozen oysters should serve about four as a first course, or two generously over toast or in patty shells.
This passage catalogues the French-influenced restaurants that carried San Francisco from the pioneer days through the 1906 fire and into reconstruction: the Poodle Dog, Blanco's, the Maison Doree. The two dishes singled out show what a well-off San Franciscan of the pre-fire decades understood as luxury. Poulette is the standard French sauce of velouté finished with egg yolk and lemon. Diamondback terrapin was a Chesapeake specialty fashionable enough in Gilded Age dining rooms that a San Francisco restaurateur would freight live turtles across the continent to serve it, and the demand of these decades is generally credited with collapsing the wild population. The aside about ladies entering through the Webb street door is its own piece of social history, and a reminder that the private rooms of these French houses were as much of their reputation as the cooking.