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Weights and Measures: French

Comparison of Measures. -The following table of comparative weights will be found convenient for reference: ..... 1 U.S. Ib. troy .5,760 ..... grs. troy. 1 Eng. lb. troy 5,760 grs. troy. 1 lb. apoth 5,760 grs. troy. 1 U. S. lb. av....... 7,000 grs. troy. 1 Eng. lb. av... ..7,000 grs. troy. 144 lb. av 1 U. S. yard 1 French gram.... 1 Eng. yard 1 French meter ....... e 175 lb. troy. 15.433 grs. troy. 36 inches. 36 inches. 39.368+ inches. 2,150.42 + 1. in. ...2,218.19 + cu.in. 1 U. S. bushel 1 Eng. bushel 1 U. S. gallon 1 Eng. gallon...

French are........ 119.664 sq. yds. 1 French liter........ 277.26 + cu.in. 91.533+ cu. in.

Weight of Cattle. -To estimate the weight of live cattle or carcasses undressed, first measure in inches the girth behind the shoulders, next the length from the forepart or point of the shoulder blade along the back to the bone at the tail in a vertical line with the buttocks. Multiply the girth in inches by the length in inches, and divide the product by 144. This will give the number of superficial feet.

If the girth of the animal is from 3 to 5 feet, multiply the number of superficial feet by 16; the result will be the animal's weight. Or if the girth is from 5 to 7 feet, multiply by 23, If from 7 to 9 feet, multiply by 31.

If less than 3 feet, as in the case of small calves, hogs, sheep, etc., multiply by 11. Of course, individual ani mals will vary. But these rules wil give approximate results.

Or multiply the square of the girth in feet by 5 times the length in feet.

For average stock divide the product by 1.5; for fat cattle by 1.425; for lean by 1.575. The quotient will be the dressed weight of the quarters, or net weight of the steer after dressing.

Or for a short method, multiply the square of the animal's girth by 17.5, which will give the weight of the animal nearly.

In estimating the weight and price of hogs, it is usually considered that about is lost in dressing the animal.

Hence the gross weight diminished by, or by 20 per cent, gives the net weight. Or the net weight increased by, or 25 per cent of itself, gives the gross weight.

Measurement of Hay. -Hay is ordinarily and properly sold by weight and this is the only exact mode of measurement. But experience has shown the following rules to be sufficiently correct for ordinary practical purposes. If the hay is loosely packed, as in windrows, multiply the length, breadth, and height in yards, and divide the product by 25. The quotient will be the number of tons in the windrow. If the hay has been recently placed in the mow, or if the mow is shallow, multiply together the WEIGHTS AND MEASURES length, height, and width in yards, and divide by 18. Or if the hay is well packed, divide by 15 or divide by any number between 15 and 18, according to the way in which the hay is packed or settled in the mow.

Or if the hay is in square or long stacks with flat tops, well settled, multiply the length of the base in yards by the width in yards, and that product by the height in yards, and divide by 15.

Or if the hay is in a load, multiply the length, width, and height in yards, and divide the product by 20.

Or, by another method, it is estimated that old hay well packed in a mow will run about 520 cubic feet to the ton, clover 720 cubic feet, timothy and clover mixed 600 cubic feet.

Hence ascertain the number of cubic feet in the mow and divide by one of these figures, according to the quality of the hay.

Or to ascertain the number of cubic feet in a round pointed stack, multiply the area of the base in square feet by of the height in feet.

This will give the number of cubic feet in a stack, or if the stack is built up square with pointed eaves, like a house, first measure the height from the ground to the eaves and to this add of the height from the eaves to the top. Take this figure as the mean height, and multiply together the mean height, length, and breadth in feet, and divide the result by 520, 600, or 720, according to the quality of the hay.

To ascertain the value of a given amount of hay, straw, or other commodity sold by the ton, when the price per ton is given, multiply the number of pounds by the price per ton and point off three figures from the right. The result will be the price of the article.

Weights of Trade Packages.-The following is a table showing the style of package in use in ordinary commercial practice in the sale of various kinds of commodities, and the corresponding weight as ordinarily recognized in the trade: Hay.

Hay ....

Honey......

Iron......

Lead. .....

Weight. 200 lbs. 50 or 100 lbs.

ARTICLE.

Package.

Beef.. .............