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Calico Printing (Second time The madder in C)

a second time. The madder in C being washed | is cut which is to be of some particular color. and precipitated, is equally good with the other.

To Print Yellow.

For yellow, the block is besmeared with acetate of alumina. The cloth, after receiving this mordant, is dyed with quercitron bark, and is then bleached.

Nankeen Yellow.

One of the most common colors on cotton prints, is a kind of Nankeen yellow, of various shades down to a yellowish brown or drab. It is usually in stripes or spots. To produce it, the printers besmear the block, cut out into the figure of the print, with acetate of iron, thickened with gum or flour; and apply it to the cotton, which, after being dried and cleansed in the usual manner, is plunged into a potash lye. The quantity of acetate of iron is always proportioned to the depth of the shade.

Red.

These are besmeared with different mordants and applied to the cloth, which is afterwards dyed as usual. Let us suppose, for instance, that these blocks are applied to cotton; one with acetate of alumina, another with acetate of iron, a third with a mixture of those two mordants, and that the cotton is then dyed with quercitron bark and bleached. The parts impregnated with the mordants would have the following colors: Acetate of alumina, yellow; acetate of iron, olive, drab, dove. The mixture, olive green, olive.

If the part of the yellow is covered over with the indigo liquor applied with a pencil, it will be converted into green. By the same liquid, blue may be given to such parts of the print as require it. If the cotton is dyed with madder, instead of quercitron bark, the print will exhibit the following colors: Acetate of alumina, red; acetate of iron, brown, Red is communicated by the same process, only black. The mixture, purple. madder is substituted for the bark.

Blue.

The fine light blues which appear so frequently on printed cottons, are produced by applying to the cloth a block besmeared with a composition, consisting partly of wax, which covers all those parts of the cloth which remain white. The cloth is then dyed in a cold indigo vat; and after it is dry, the wax composition is removed by hot water.

Lilac and Brown.

Lilac, flea brown, and blackish brown, are given by means of acetate of iron the quantity of which is always proportioned to the depth of the shade.

For very deep colors a little sumach is added.

The cotton is afterwards dyed in the usual manner with madder and then bleached, Green.

To 12 qts. of muriatic acid, add by degrees 1 qt. of nitric acid; saturate the whole with grain tin, and boil it in a proper vessel till two-thirds are evaporated.

To prepare the indigo for mixing with the solution, take 9 lbs. of indigo, pound of orange orpiment, and grind it in about 4 qts. of water; mix it well with the indigo, and grind it all in the usual way.

To Mix the Solution of Tin with Prepared Indigo.

Take 2 galls. of the indigo prepared as above; then stir into it, by degrees, 1 gall. of the solution of tin, neutralized by as much caustic alkali as can be added without precipitating the tin from the acids. For a lighter shade of green, less indigo will be necessary. The goods are to be dipped in the way of dipping China blues; they must not, however, be allowed to drain, but moved from one vat to another as quickly as possible. They are to be cleansed in the usual way, in a sour vat of about 150 galls. of water to 1 gall. of sulphuric acid; they are then to be well washed in decoctions of weld, and other yellow color drugs, and are to be branned or bleached till they become white in those parts which are required colorless.

To Print Dove-color and Drab.

Dove-color and drab are given by acetate of iron and quercitron bark; the cloth is afterwards prepared in the usual manner.

To Print different Colors.

When a greater number of colors is to appear -for instance, when those communicated by bark, and those by madder are wanted at the same time - mordants for parts of the pattern are to be applied. The cotton then is to be dyed in the madder bath and bleached; then the rest of the mordants to fill up the pattern, are added, and the cloth is again dyed with quercitron-bark, and bleached. The second dyeing does not much affect the madder colors, because the mordants, which render them permanent, are already saturated. The yellow tinge is easily removed by the subsequent bleaching. Sometimes a new mordant is also applied to some of the madder colors; in consequence of which, they receive a new permanent color from the bark. After the last bleaching, new colors may be added by means of the indigo liquor. The following table will give an idea of the colors which may be given to cotton by these processes.

I. Madder dye. -Acetate of alumina, red; acetate of iron, brown, black; acetate diluted, lilac. 'Both mixed, purple.

II. Black dye. - Acetate of alumina, yellow; acetate of iron, dove, drab; lilac and acetate of alumina, olive; red and acetate of alumina, orange. III. Indigo dye. -Indigo, blue; indigo and yellow, green. To Print in Coal-tar Colors.

The colors are mixed with albumen printed on the fibre; the albumen is then coagulated, and the color thus fixed. Another method consists in printing with tannin on the fabric, previously impregnated with stannate of soda, and then dyeing with a hot, dilute, acid bath. The color on the unmordanted parts, is easily discharged. This preparation is not necessary for silk and wool.

To Print Green with Aniline.

Print the design with a thickened solution of chlorate of potassa; pass through a solution of an aniline salt; in 2 or 3 days the green color will be developed. It may be changed to darkblue by the use of soap or an alkaline liquid. Another method is to use alternately aniline blue and picric acid.

To Prepare a Substitute for Gum Used in Calico Printing.

Collect a ton weight of scraps of pelts or skins, or pieces of rabbit or sheep-skins, and boil them together for 7 or 8 hours in 350 galls. of water, or until it becomes a strong size. Then draw it off, and when cold weigh it. Warm it When different colors are to appear in the same print, a greater number of operations is necessary. Two or more blocks or rollers are employed; upon each of which, that part of the print only | again, and to every 1 cwt. add 4 galls. of the strongest sweet wort that can be made from malt | color, etc. It is employed for dyeing feathers, or 20 lbs. weight of sugar. When incorporated, take it off and put it into a cask for use.

This substitute for gum may be used by calico printers in mixing up nearly all kinds of colors.

By using a sixth part only of gum with it, it will also improve the gum. It will also improve and preserve the paste so much used by printers.

To Prepare Anatto for dyeing.

Anatto is a coloring fecula of a resinous nature, extracted from the seeds of a tree very common in the West Indies, and which in height never exceeds 15 feet.

The Indians employ two processes to obtain the red fecula of these seeds. They first pound them and mix them with a certain quantity of water, which in the course of 5 or 6 days favors the progress of fermentation. The liquid then becomes charged with the coloring part, and the superfluous moisture is afterwards separated by slow evaporation over the fire, or by the heat of the sun. Another Method.

This consists in rubbing the seeds between the hands in a vessel filled with water. The coloring part is precipitated, and forms itself into a mass like a cake of wax; but if the red fecula thus detached, is much more beautiful than in the first process, it is less in quantity. Besides, as the splendor of it is too bright, the Indians are accustomed to weaken it by a mixture of red sandal wood.

Use of Anatto.

The natives of the East India islands used formerly to employ anatto for painting their bodies, etc. At present, it is employed in Europe for the purpose of dyeing. It is employed to give the first tint to woollen stuffs intended to be dyed red, blue, yellow and green , etc.

In the art of the varnisher it forms part of the composition of changing varnishes, to give a cold color to the metals to which these varnishes are applied.

To Choose Anatto.

It ought to be chosen of a flame color, brighter in the interior part than on the outside, soft to the touch and of a good consistence. The paste of anatto becomes hard in Europe, and it loses some of its odor, which approaches near to that of violets.

To Prepare Litmus.

The Canary and Cape de Verd islands produce a kind of lichen or moss, which yields a violet coloring part when exposed to the contact of ammonia disengaged from urine, in a state of putrefaction, by a mixture of lime. When the processes are finished, it is known by the name of litmus.

This article is prepared on a large scale at London, Paris, and Lyons. In the latter city another kind of lichen, which grows on the rocks like moss, is employed.

The ammonia joins the resinous part of the plant, develops its coloring part, and combines with it. In this state the lichen forms a paste of a violet-red color, interspersed with whitish spots, which give it a marble appearance.

Litmus is employed in dyeing to communicate a violet color to silk and woollen. It is used also for coloring the liquor of thermometers, and as a test for acids and alkalies.

To Prepare Bastard Saffron.

The flowers of this plant contain two coloring parts: one soluble in water, and which is thrown away; the other soluble in alkaline liquors. The latter coloring part becomes the basis of various beautiful shades of cherry color, ponceau, rose and constitutes the vegetable red, or Spanish ver. milion, employed by ladies to heighten their complexion. Carthamus cannot furnish its resinous coloring part, provided with all its qualities, until it has been deprived of that which is soluble in water.

For this purpose the dried flowers of the carthamus are enclosed in a linen bag, and the bag is wooden shoes gets upon the bag every eight or ten placed in a stream of running water. A man with hours, and treads it on the bank until the water expressed from it is colorless.

These moist flowers, after being strongly squeezed in the bag, are spread out on a piece of canvas extended on a frame, placed over a wooden box, and covered with 5 or 6 per cent. of their weight of carbonate of soda. Pure water is then poured over them; and this process is repeated several times, that the alkali may have leisure to become charged with the coloring part which it dissolves. The liquor, when filtered, is of a dirty red, and almost brown color. The coloring part, thus held in solution, cannot be employed for coloring bodies until it is free; and, to set it at liberty, the soda must be brought into contact with a body which has more affinity for it. It is on this precipitation, by an intermediate substance, that the process for making Spanish vermilion is founded, as well as all the results arising from the direct application of this coloring part, in the art of dyeing.

Utility of Sheep's Dung. of preparing cotton and linen to receive certain This article is used in dyeing for the purpose colors, particularly the red madder and crosswort, which it performs by impregnating the stuffs with quantity, and thus assimilating them to wool and an animal mucilage, of which it contains a large silk.

To Prepare Woad.

This is effected from the leaves of the plant so called, by grinding them to a paste, of which balls are made, placed in heaps, and occasionally sprin- When this is finished the woad is allowed to fall kled with water to promote the fermentation. into a coarse powder, used as a blue dye-stuff.

To Prepare Indigo.

This dye is derived from the leaves and the young shoots of several species of indigo plants, by soaking them either in cold water, or still better, in water kept warm, and at about 160°, till the liquor becomes a deep green; it is then drawn off and beat or churned till blue flakes appear, when lime-water is added, the yellow liquor drawn off, and the blue sediment dried and formed into lumps.

To Dye Hats. ing them a long time in a decoction of galls with The hats should be first strongly galled by boilby boilbetter into their substance; after which a proper a little logwood, that the dye may penetrate the quantity of vitriol and decoction of logwood, with in this mixture for a considerable time. They are a little verdigris, are added, and the hats continued vitriol, and verdigris; and where the hats are of afterwards put into fresh liquor of logwood, galls, the dye, the same process is repeated a third time. great price, or of a hair which with difficulty takes For obtaining the most perfect color, the hair or wool is dyed blue previously to its being formed into hats.

Another Method. lbs. of galls in a proper quantity of water for some Boil 100 lbs. of logwood, 12 lbs. of gum, and 6 hours; after which about 6 lbs. of verdigris and