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Compound Colors

Solferino, aniline green, etc., are obtained from galls, 5 of sulphate of iron and 30 of logwood coal-tar. The silk is dyed without mordant.

Turkey-red on Cotton.

The cotton goods are cleaned regularly with soap made from cocoanut or palm oil, and a copper proportioned to the quantity of work; from 10 yds. to 100 yds. is made to boil, and when it boils the water is merely softened with pearlash, and then some of the palm-oil soap put in to make a soap liquor; put the cottons in this, boil hour; have a tub with clean hot soap-liquor in it, handle the work well in this, wring it out and hang it up to ry. The next process is to beat up sheep and cow-dung, ash and water together until you have a paste; work this through a sieve into a clean copper, and put to it one-fourth of its bulk of sweet oil. Stir all together, with a fire under the copper, until a soap is formed. Add double its bulk of water. The cotton is well handled in this and allowed to dry overnight. In the morning it has a palm soap liquor, wrung out well and dried, and when dry is regularly cleaned in cocoanut-oil soap and dried again. Next give it a strong nut-gall liquor, and then a strong, hot alum; give it an hour in the alum, then return to the nut-gall liquor again for an hour, and then another hour in the alum; wring it out and dry it. In a clean copper put for every 3 pails of water 1 lb. of the best madder and 1 qt. of horses', sheeps', pigs' or bullocks' blood; get the copper on to a scald, and handle in it, but do not boil; keep it in an hour, and then give it a good strong alum and hot water for an hour; rinse in two waters and return to the blood and madder copper for half an hour; rinse dry and clean in very hot and strong soap liquors; dry, give them a weak starch for a finish.-Love's Art of Dyeing, etc. Black Dyes.

The substance employed to give a black color to cloth, are red oxide of iron and tannin; also, bichromate of potassa and logwood. These substances have a strong affinity for each other, and when combined assume a deep black color, not liable to be destroyed by the action of air or light. Logwood is usually employed as an auxiliary because it communicates lustre, and adds considerably to the fulness of the black. It is the wood of a tree which is a native of several of the West- India islands, and of that part of Mexico which surrounds the bay of Honduras. It yields its coloring matter to water. The decoction is at first a fine red, bordering on violet, but if left to itself it gradually assumes a black color. Acids give it a deep red color; alkalies, a deep violet, inclining to brown; sulphate of iron renders it as black as ink, and occasions a precipitate of the same color.

Cloth, before it receives a black color, is usually dyed blue; this renders the color much fuller and finer than it would otherwise be. If the cloth is coarse, the blue dye may be too expensive; in that case a brown color is given by means of walnut-peels. To Dye Woollens Black.

Wool is dyed black by the following process:

It is boiled for 2 hours in a decoction of nut-galls, and afterwards kept for 2 hours more in a bath composed of logwood and sulphate of iron, kept during the whole time at a scalding heat, but not boiling. During the operation it must be frequently exposed to the air, because the green oxide of iron of which the sulphate is composed must be converted into red oxide by absorbing oxygen before the cloth can acquire a proper color. The common proportions are 5 parts of for every 100 of cloth. A little acetate of copper is commonly added to the sulphate of iron, because it is thought to improve the color. To Dye Wool a Chrome Black.

Having cleaned the wool with soap and cream of tartar, take 4 oz. each of bichromate of potash and crude tartar to a copper of water; put in the merino, boil for 40 minutes, and, after cooling, immerse in a bath made from 4 oz. logwood chips with one-fourth of fustic chips to a copper of water.

To Dye Silks Black.

Silk is dyed in nearly the same manner. It is capable of combining with a great deal of tan, the quantity given is varied at the pleasure of the artist, by allowing the silk to remain a longer or shorter time in the decoction.

To Dye Cottons and Linens Black.

The cloth, previously dyed blue, is steeped for 24 hours in a decoction of nut-galls. A bath is prepared containing acetate of iron, formed by saturating acetic acid with sesquioxide of iron; into this bath the cloth is put in small quantities at a time, wrought with the hand for a quarter of an hour; then wrung out and aired again, wrought in a fresh quantity of the bath, and afterwards aired. These alternate processes are repeated till the color wanted is given; a decoction of alder bark is usually mixed with the liquor containing the nut-galls.

To Dye Wool, etc., Brown.

Brown, or fawn color, though in fact a compound, is usually ranked among the simple colors because it is applied to cloth by a single process Various substances are used for brown dyes.

Walnut-peels, or the green covering of the walnut, when first separated, are white internally, but soon assume a brown, or even a black color, on exposure to the air. They readily yield their coloring matter to water. They are usually kept in large casks, covered with water, for above a year before they are used. To dye wool brown with them, nothing more is necessary than to steep the cloth in a decoction of them till it has acquired the wished-for color. The depth of the shade is proportional to the strength of the decoction.

The root of the walnut-tree contains the same coloring matter, but in smaller quantity. The bark of the birch also, and many other trees, may be used for the same purpose.

To Dye Compound Colors.

Compound colors are produced by mixing together two simple ones; or, which is the same thing, by dyeing cloth first of the simple color, and then by another. These colors vary to infinity, according to the proportions of the ingredients employed. From blue, red and yellow, red olives and greenish grays are made. From blue, red and brown, olives are made from the lightest to the darkest shades; and by giving a greater shade of red, the slated and lavender grays are made.

From blue, red and black, grays of all shades are made, such as sage, pigeon, slate and lead grays. The king's or prince's color is duller than usual; this mixture produces a variety of hues, or colors almost to infinity.

From yellow, blue and brown, are made the goose dung and olives of all kinds.

From brown, blue and black, are produced brown olives and their shades.

From red, yellow and brown, are derived the orange, gold color, feuille-mort or faded leaf, dead | until it be thoroughly softened. Wash the goods, carnations, cinnamon, fawn and tobacco, by using 2 or 3 of the colors as required.

From yellow, red and black, browns of every shade are made. are made.

From blue and yellow, greens of all shades.

From red and blue, purples of all kinds are formed .

To Dye Different Shades of Green.

Green is distinguishable by dyers into a variety of shades, according to the depth, or the prevalence of either of the component parts. Thus we have sea-green, grass-green, pea-green, etc.

Wool, silk, and linen, are usually dyed green by giving them first a blue color, and afterwards dyeing them yellow. When the yellow is first given, several inconveniences follow; the yellow partly separates again in the blue vat, and communicates a green color to it, thus rendering it useless for every other purpose except dyeing green. Any of the usual processes for dyeing blue and yellow may be followed , taking care to proportion the depth of the shades to that of the green required.

When sulphate of indigo is employed, it is usual to mix all the ingredients together, and to dye the cloth at once; this produces what is known by the name of Saxon or English green.

To Dye Violet, Purple and Lilac.

Wool is generally first dyed blue, and afterwards scarlet, in the usual manner. By means of cochineal mixed with sulphate of indigo, the process may be performed at once. Silk is first dyed crimson by means of cochineal, and then dipped into the indigo vat. Cotton and linen are first dyed blue , and then dipped in a decoction of logwood; but a more permanent color is given by means of oxide of iron.

To Dye Olive, Orange and Cinnamon.

When blue is combined with red and yellow on cloth, the resulting color is olive. Wool may be dyed orange by first dyeing it scarlet and then yellow. When it is dyed first with madder, the result is a cinnamon color.

Silk is dyed orange by means of carthamus; a cinnamon color by logwood, Brazil-wood and fustic, mixed together.

Cotton and linen receive a cinnamon color by means of weld and madder, and an olive color by being passed through a blue, yellow, and then a madder bath. so dunged, extremely well in water. Take a quanthem mixed together, as the strength of the cloth tity of madder, or logwood, or sumach, or all of and nature of the color may require, and put them into a copper or tub of hot water, then enter the goods before mentioned in this liquor, and keep rinsing or moving them therein until they are brought up to the strength of color required.

Have the goods again well washed and dried.

For dyeing black, it will be proper to pass the goods a second time through the above operation, adding more or less of the dyeing-woods as before.

If after the above operations the shade of color is too full, or too much upon the red hue, it will be necessary to give them a little sumach, and then run them through a liquor made from iron and owler, or alder-bark.

Another Method. fine flour, and by boiling bring it to the consistency Take common iron liquor, and add & of a lb. of of a thin paste; or instead of flour, add glue or linseed, or gum, or all of them mixed together, till it is brought to a proper thickness. Then pass before-mentioned operations. the goods through the machine, and follow the To Dye Olives, Bottle-greens, Purples, Browns, Cinnamons or Snuffs.

Take common iron liquor, or common iron liquor with alum dissolved therein, in quantity of each according to the shade of color wanted, made into a paste or liquid by adding flour, gum, glue, linseed, or one or more of them as before. Then put the liquor or paste above mentioned into a tub belonging to the machine, and pass the goods so them from the machine, and hang them up in a intended to be dyed through the machine. Take very cool room, where they are to remain till thoroughly dry. Take cow's dung, put it into a large through which pass the cloth or goods until thorcopper of hot water, and mix it well together; oughly softened, the quantity of dung and time required being proportioned as before. take a quantity of liquor made from madder, log- The goods after this process being well washed , wood, sumach, fustic, Brazil-wood, quercitron color wanted, or more of them; and if necessary bark, peach-wood, or other woods, to produce the dilute this liquor with water, according to the shade or fulness of color wanted to be dyed.

Then work the goods through this liquor; after which pass them through cold or warm water, according to the color, the proper application of which is well known to dyers, adding a little alum, copperas or Roman vitriol, or two or more of them, first dissolved in water. Then wash them To Dye Gray, Drab and Dark Brown.

If cloth is previously mordanted with iron, and afterwards dyed yellow with quercitron bark, the result will be a drab of different shades, according to the proportion of mordant employed. When the proportion is small, the color inclines to olive, off in warm water and dry them. But if the color or yellow; on the contrary, the drab may be deep- is not sufficiently full, repeat the same operations ened, or saddened, as the dyers term it, by mixing a little sumach with the bark.

To Dye a Black upon Cotton, Linen and Mixed Goods.

Take tar iron liquor of the very best quality; add to each gall. thereof of a lb. of fine flour, and boil it to the consistency of a thin paste. Put | the liquor or paste above-mentioned into a tub belonging to a machine used in the process. The goods intended to be dyed are wound upon a roller, and passed through the liquor or paste, betwixt the two rollers; thereby completely staining or dyeing the whole mass or body of the cloth. Pass them into a very hot stove or drying-house till dry, then take cow's dung, put it into a large copper of water about scalding hot, and mix it well together, through which pass the piece of cloth till it is brought to the shade required.

To Dye Crimson, Red, Orange, or Yellow.

Take red liquor, such as is generally made from alum, and dilute it with water according to the strength or shade of color wanted to dye, bringing it to the consistency of a paste or liquid, as before described. Then pass the cloth through the machine; which being dried in a cool room, pass it through the operations of dunging and washing as before. Take a quantity of liquor, made from cochineal, madder, peach-wood, Brazil, logwood, woad, fustic, sumach, or any two or more of them proportioned in strength to the shade or color wanted to dye, and work the goods through this liquor till they are brought to the shade of color required; after which wash them in cold or warm water, and dry them. from Prussian Blue.